Violence And Nonviolence Essays - Pacifism, Dispute Resolution

Viciousness And Nonviolence Viciousness and Nonviolence Viciousness is an issue that we as people, manage ordinary. Today, it appears that we manage it in pretty much every part of our lives. From youngsters' kid's shows to the evening news, we are observers to its capacity and mischief. An exceptionally discussed contention for the reasons for viciousness are encompassing our homes just as our administration. Regardless of the reasons for viciousness or for that reality aggressors, we have a moral duty must be taken for vicious activities. We are given the decision to choose how we each need to live our lives; however before we conclude, we should take a gander at the moral issues that encompass our decisions. Most people endeavor to carry on with a decent, unadulterated life. Viciousness is one of only a handful scarcely any examples that decimates that great life. It is something that we move in the direction of taking out. It is characterized as a demonstration taken against another being with the expectation to do hurt. We regularly think about savagery as far as the physical assailant, yet viciousness can surface in an assortment of ways in any event, including self-preservation. Savagery is a consequence of clashing interests or unresolvable contrasts. In many examples, the two gatherings to he strife feel that they are right and that their activities are advocated. Notwithstanding, there are different cases in which their is a clear assailant and casualty. By and by, viciousness is an extremely convoluted and troublesome issue. By its very nature, brutality is a demonstration against life. Life, is consecrated. It is loved, not out of direction of utilization, not instrumental, however for the great, characteristic estimation of its very being. Brutality is instrumental. It is a necessary chore. There is no intrinsical goodness in brutality. Rough acts are bad for brutality itself. A solitary inquiry that emerges out of the contention of brutality and peacefulness, Is savagery ever reasonable or satisfactory. The two fundamental kinds of contentions that emerge are the self-preservation worldview and pacifism. The self-preservation worldview acknowledges savagery as a intends to secure one's life, or the life of others. This contention deciphers life as being naturally great and for instrumental purposes, yet acknowledges deadly outcomes as a unintended outcome of resistance. Pacifism contends that savagery is rarely adequate. Since viciousness is an instrumental demonstration, it subverts and slights human life as an appreciated substance. Upon first assessment of these contentions, I favored the self-protection worldview. I trust I am all the more a pragmatist. I believed that savagery was inescapable. Regardless of the methodology, brutality will be the final product. In any case, before the finish of the semester, I have found something. The entire motivation behind pacifism is to change the way that savagery is unavoidable. It is a development that shows people how to manage the circumstances that definitely end in viciousness. It is an approach to safeguard life from forceful dangers. The radical may never hazard executing his adversary, paying little heed to the results. By any means times, they should be deferential and merciful of life. I accept that I have changed my view since I have a more prominent comprehension of pacifism. From the outset, I imagined that it was the path of least resistance. It was the best approach to take to keep away from a circumstance; ?regardless of the circumstance, never be fierce.? I thought of issues, for example, wars or on the off chance that somebody was attempting to execute you or your family. How would someone be able to do nothing? It was a frail individual's response to the contention. At that point, out of nowhere, it struck me. We are continually looking at ?bettering? the world, disposing of brutality. All things considered, we are imitative animals. We do what we see. How are the more youthful age of individuals going to be peaceful when all they see is brutality. In the event that, we don't begin exhibiting peaceful, quiet acts, what are they going to copy? We are introducing self-protection as a reason. It is legitimate yet just in the event that you don't plan to murder the other individual. This can be an exceptionally hazardous circumstance. While safeguarding yourself or another person, you are permitted viciousness as long as you didn't intend to execute the assailant? What happens when you can't translate the assailant? Nothing ought to be detracted from the self-preservation reasoning. It is reasonable and moral. It would be hard not to shield yourself from an assailant, or to support a friend or family member. Yet, it just appears to me that in this day and age, we should rethink our ethics. Self-preservation takes

Ethnic and Racial Studies Essay

In the following decade Herzl was to show up at a similar investigation in-conditionally, for he didn't know about the presence of Pinsker’s work when he composed The Jewish State. In his journal, and on a few open events, Herzl, to be sure, made the lover geste of saying that he would not have composed his book had he known about Pinsker. Then again, Ahad Ha-Am, Herzl’s incredible adversary, dedicated an extensive article to breaking down Pinsker (whose flyer he converted into Hebrew) so as to deny that Pinsker was a political Zionist of Herzl’s stripe. Clearly neither Herzl nor his adversary Ahad Ha-Am was occupied with self-hallucination. Pinsker’s postulation, that enemy of Semitism should from now on be the deciding thought of a cutting edge Jewish arrangement, to be sure is key to Herzl’s thought and, despite the fact that less clear, it is similarly at the center of Ahad Ha-Am’s philosophizing. In any case, the aim and heading of Pinsker’s development are essentially unique in relation to those of the two his replacements, and the meaning of that distinction is vital. Pinsker’s investigation of against Semitism, in spite of its surface logic, is, as a general rule, undeniably more skeptical than Herzl’s. He specifies the Christ-executioner allegation with more noteworthy accentuation as a side effect of the fundamental discomfort, which is national clash, and his wording, where hostile to Semitism is known as a â€Å"psychic variation †demonopathy †the dread of ghosts,† shows an instinctive consciousness of its unplumbable and un-reasonable profundities that isn't similarly obvious in Herzl’s work. The most significant contrast between the two, be that as it may, shows up in their originations of the job of the gentile world in the establishing of the Jewish state. The most that Pinsker seeks after is its hesitant consent to an exertion that truly depends, in his view, on the gathering up of the last urgent energies of the Jew. Pretty much every page of Herzl’s volume contains some reference to his certainty that the western countries will work together in making the state he imagined and some additional verification of the extraordinary advantages his arrangement would give on the Jew as well as on society all in all. As a west European who had experienced childhood in relative opportunity, Herzl could accept even toward the century's end that a universe of liberal patriotism is feasible, and he envisioned Zionism’s arrangement of the Jewish issue as a significant commitment to such a fate of global social harmony and serenity. For Pinsker, writing in Odessa amidst massacres, the spotlight was for the most part on the troubles of the Jew, on expelling him from the repetitive and unavoidable bad dream. Pinsker’s age had far less stake in the political and social structure of Europe than did Herzl’s, even at its generally disappointed, however there is one level on which it was insolubly associated with advancement. These Russian Jews had, without a doubt, never lived even a day as equivalent residents of their local land, be that as it may, in any case, they had been educated by western culture and were manifestations of its soul. End Though the Jew must clear the horribly threatening world those qualities have made, Pinsker can envision no other to present day development. Ahad Ha-Am is, consequently, wrong in endeavoring to make Pinsker his very own precursor fundamental idea of a social renaissance, a reevaluation of the old estimations of Judaism as far as advancement. What Pinsker reflects is the â€Å"rent in the heart,† the torment of a man who can't have confidence in the positive attitude of the general society whose beliefs he shares. As the skylines of the Jew continued obscuring in late decades, this total loss of trust in the public arena, which started in 1881, was to prompt genuine and basic addressing of the very establishments of western culture. Pinsker, and not Herzl, is a definitive predecessor of the significantly skeptical strain in Zionism. With him there starts another age in present day Jewish idea, the period of force from the estimations of the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. Subsequently, after the different transformations lost their underlying elan, an irreconcilable circumstance resulted between the creators of the upset and those Jews who acknowledged or tailed it. It was valuable to the recently amazing to dispose of the name of subverters of society and become legitimized as evident beneficiaries of the past; liberated Jewry, then again, particularly in its â€Å"messianic† fragment, required an ideal world dependent on reason, I. e. , it required a genuine progressive break by all of society with its past. Here we remain at the limit of a definitive Catch 22 in the connection between the Jew and innovation. His guarded ways of thinking have ended up dealing with thoughts and social structures which were beating them, and the more messianic regulations before long obtained a specific deafening quality, for they definitely expected the undesirable job of managers of the still, small voice of the primary current developments. The last doctrinaires of the Enlightenment and what trailed, the epigones of the genuine religions rather than their tarnishing bargains with the world, are to be found in present day Jewish idea. Reference index Bulmer, M. furthermore, Solomon, J., Conceptualizing multi-ethnic social orders. Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 6 (2001), pp. 889â€891. Esses, V. M. , Dovidio, J. F. , Jackson, L. M. also, Armstrong, T. L. , The migration quandary: The job of apparent gathering rivalry, ethnic bias and national personality. Diary of Social Issues 57 3 (2001), pp. 389â€412. Goldberg, G. , Changes in Israeli democratic conduct in the city decisions. In: D. J. Elazar and C. Kalchheim, Editors, Local Government in Israel, Jerusalem, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (2001), pp. 249â€276.

Arithmetic

Number System Absolute Values, Order of Operations Fractions and Percentages Ratio and Proportion Sequences and Series

Language and human identity - 1466 Words

TOK Essay Language is a powerful tool for mankind by hearing speeches or learning in schools makes us believe that we got knowledge through language where in fact it is not always true only by a stronger ability in language could change peoples perspective. It is not just how people communicate it is the way for mankind to see the world in different perspective of different perceptions that are influenced by emotions and cultures. According to BBC.co.uk â€Å"It’s estimated that up to 7,000 different languages are spoken around the world. 90% of these languages are used by less than 100,000 people. Over a million people converse in 150-200 languages and 46 languages have just a single speaker!†. Lifestyles, beliefs and culture limits the†¦show more content†¦It is proven how language is very important as how my uncle is effected with it, he was a Muslim but as he lives on an environment where majorly are Christianity he is influenced by them and decided to switch religi on as he join an affair in a church on sunday. As globalization has given the world a big impact religion might not control the world as there are atheism that are believed by a group of people who do not believe in the existence of God and religion. They are not effected by speeches and all of that kind as religion are believed by majority of human being in the world and that atheism are still existing by now. Atheism was founded on 16th century and Murray-O Hair is one of an Atheist president of America which uses again the power of propaganda and speeches which generated through language therefore language controls the world even in religious aspects wether or not it is believed or not. Debates are still going on and religion is one of the hot topics around the world. Debate tells which is true or not by using the power of language and strong evidence. Reasons are taken from the most logical information people get as how they perceive information. This happens to me a lot in school life usually in an exam where i face certain question that is hard to answer where i should construct the most logical knowledge i can write and explain that could beShow MoreRelatedLanguage And Cultural Identity Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesHow language is important in Maintaining cultural identity Over the last few decades, the relationship between language and cultural identities have become a preferred topic in learning the importance of language in maintaining cultural identity. The question that keeps popping up concerns, the role of language in keeping these social aspects. For instance, how language is important in maintaining cultural identity when people migrate from one nation to another. Perhaps, when people immigrate toRead MoreLanguage Identity : A Cultural Sense Of Identity1235 Words   |  5 PagesShapeshifting As humans in society we continually shapeshift into the identities that resonate with us most. People often feel the sense of belonging from one identity, while another identity can feel completely foreign to them. In my lifetime, I have always felt connected to my religious identity, however the ability to feel a connection to a language identity has always felt absent. Having the ability to identify with the bilingual community, or even more strongly within the various ranges ofRead MoreWilliam Carlos Williams Philomena Andronica And Gertrude Stein s Identity1431 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Carlos Williams â€Å"Philomena Andronica† and Gertrude Stein’s â€Å"Identity, a poem† are both visually and tonally very different texts. However, Stein and Williams have both used similar approaches to literary form in their poems as can be seen in their non-traditional approach to meaning generation and rejection of grammatical convention. The poems also both show an interest in the notion of identity and it’s fluidity, although Stein employs repeated images in her investigation whilst WilliamsRead MoreLanguage Fits Over Experience Like A Straight Jacket1176 Words   |  5 PagesBritish novelist William Golding once stated, â€Å"Language fits over experience like a straight-jacket.† As human beings, we feel the constant urge to express and communicate, in hopes of making sense of the world around us. However, language is limiting, restrictive, and confining. It attempts to place infinitely complex experiences into a finite number of words. The significance and essence of human experience is lost through our words, because language simply cannot express our thoughts and emotionsRead More Linguistic Stereotypes Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesLinguistic Stereotypes Language is a method in which individuals communicate in order to get their opinion across to the listening party. Language is the tool which ideas can be conveyed in various ways. Typically, language is referred to verbal communication, however, it ranges to all methods of communication i.e. sign language. Linguistic stereotypes are an existent form of discrimination. Since, languages are criticized and mocked due to the connection between language and cultural characterRead MoreWe Are Killing our History Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesWhat do you think of when you think of identity? Is it culture, race or language? When I identified someone’s identity, I will focus on his or her appearance and language. According to the identity’s definition, identity means the qualities and attitudes a person or a group of people have, that make them different from other people. During recent few decades, there are a lot of immigrants arrive to the United States. Some people try to change their life habit and accent to integrate into AmericanRead MoreThe Father Of Modern Linguistics, Edward Sapir, Characterized1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe father of modern linguistics, Edward Sapir, characterized language as â€Å"purely human and non-instinctive†, for unlike our innate ability to walk, such a hominid mechanism of complex thought-expression is a learned skill achieved through culture. This exclusively human ability is essential to one’s core identity, as explored by Chicana cultural theorist Gloria Anzaldua in How to Tame a Wild Tongue, in which she recalls being rejected for her native bilingual tongue by native Mexicans and WhiteRead MoreAnalysis Of Lee s Speech On Self Identity1280 Words   |  6 PagesSelf identity is, perhaps, society s most important component. It’s the element that differentiates each and every individual from a collective group to create diversity. In a metaphysical sense it answers the question â€Å"Who am I?† for each individual. Despite the fact that self identity is one of the building blocks of the human psyche, it is not permanent nor solid. Decreased social interaction and doubt of one’s role in society are two of the most common cases for a loss of self identity, whileRead MoreLanguage And The English Language1333 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Is Language powerful?† It certainly is, but is it powerful to an extent that effaces any possibility of controlling it? The answer to this question varies from perspective to perspective, but in order to give a more solid response to this question, we have to acknowledge that the importance of comprehending the influence of language is critical because it is one of the most essential things in humans’ lives, which automatically makes it a topic of major relevance. This paper will be focused on theRead MoreThe Roots Of Identity And Denial1279 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is identity? The definition as a person’s own sense of whom they are, which their past defines them. Identity is very important in our society, no matter your social status. I can attach identity to belonging to something or a place. As a human race, we feel the need to belong to a group or place. Because belonging to a group or place, give us the s ense of identity. Countries are no exception, their course of history and culture created a unique identity for themselves. Their cultures involves;

Inferno - Dan Brown - 1253 Words

Inferno â€Å"Seek and ye shall find† Publishing details: 14.05.2013 Transworld Publishers –London First published in Great Britain in 2013 by Bantam Press – an imprint of Transworld Publishers. Inferno (2013) is a breathless race-against-time thriller by America’s renowned author Dan Brown. Dan Brown was born in a family of three, brought up by a great mathematics teacher and a church organist, his parents in New Hampshire, USA. Brown was raised on a prep school campus where he developed a fascination for science and religion which paved way for the art of writing as these themes eventually formed the backdrop for his books. He is a graduate of Amherst College and Philips Exeter academy. Dan Brown is the of â€Å"The Da Vinci code,† one of†¦show more content†¦The only hint is a high-tech biohazard container, and inside, an optical device that projects the â€Å"Map of Hell† – Botticelli’s Abyss of Hell, inspired by Dante’s Divine Comedy. Swiss Billionaire transhumanist, Dante fanatic, and genetic research genius Bertrand Zobrist, is said to have had the mind of a futurist, eyes that could see down the road in ways few othe rs could even imagine. He had created an apparently deadly plague to be released the very next day as he was obsessed with the global population explosion. The story gradually triggers the hyper button of the reader by questioning if Robert Langdon and his saviour, the attractive young blonde genius Dr. Sienna Brooks find the location and stop Zobrist’s plan to release the virus before it is too late? As usual Brown’s hero, Langdon has to decipher various clues, codes, and cryptic symbols to find the location where Zobrist had planned to release his deadly disease. â€Å"Dearest God, I pray Mankind will understand the gift I leave behind. My gift is the future. My gift is salvation. My gift is Inferno.† Brown’s books are often famous for wonderful details, and intricate view of the artistic world and for science-religious correlated facts. Inferno is not an exception as it fits into the mould in a beautiful manner. Brown beautifully portrays the artistic works of Renaissance and Medieval European art - many of the usualShow MoreRelatedInferno: A Bleak Depiction of the Future591 Words   |  2 PagesInferno, a chillingly grim picture of a potential future, is a wonderful piece of satire. The novel depicts a bleak world in the very near future of a human race on the brink of extinction. Through most of the novel, writer Dan Brown methodically tricks readers into believing the wrong things until the tense climax and the sudden realization of wrong hypotheses. Furthermore, the dismal predictions he projects of our fragile world seem hell-bent on becoming true. With scintillating wit, he takes onRead MoreDan Browns Inferno: A Bleak Depiction of the Future1088 Words   |  5 Pag esDan Brown’s Inferno, a chillingly grim picture of a potential future, is a wonderful piece of satire. His views on overpopulation take a surgically-precise stand on what statistics predict to be true. In fact, his novel has no thematic connection to Dante’s classic work of the same name; although allusion is made to it, the real topic is overpopulation. The novel depicts a bleak world in the very near future of a human race on the brink of extinction. Furthermore, the dismal predictions he projectsRead MoreThe Great Human Tumor : Earth s Human Overpopulation Crisis1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Human Tumor: Earth’s Human Overpopulation Crisis The best-selling novel by â€Å"DaVinci Code† author Dan Brown â€Å"Inferno† has a plot that is driven by the human overpopulation crisis. Brown depicts a mad scientist that believes he can rid the world of the majority of its health and environmental issues by simply purging the world of two-thirds of its population. But is the assertion brought forth by Brown’s antagonist that far from the truth? When we look at the effects of human overpopulationRead MoreDantes3100 Words   |  13 Pagesservants Caliban and Ariel, and his daughter, raised only on her father’s stories, on that enchanted island in the lonely sea. August 20, 2015 2.2.13 Practice: Revision Strategies In Dante’s Inferno, justice is not a merely cruel and unusual punishment designed to elicit cheap shock from onlookers. Inferno portrays God’s justice as springing from primal love, and thus is conditioned with compassion, however difficult it may be to recognize. Dante ensures the concept of contrapassor, which translatesRead More Serial Killers Essay2354 Words   |  10 Pagesconfidence, but few friends he had then were fond of him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ted Bundy was not a man who didnt have anything going for him. At age 25, Bundy had received a BA in psychology and served as a campaign aid to Washingtons governor, Dan Evans. Bundy as educated, articulate, likable, witty and industrious, a politically active young lawyer in the making (Markowitz, p. 3). Not long after a wealthy sweetheart broke off with him, young attractive women in the Seattle area began turningRead MoreSerial Killers --2477 Words   |  10 Pageslacked self confidence, but few friends he had then were fond of him. Ted Bundy was not a man who didn#8217;t have anything going for him. At age 25, Bundy had received a BA in psychology and served as a campaign aid to Washington#8217;s governor, Dan Evans. Bundy as educated, articulate, likable, witty and industrious, a politically active young lawyer in the making (Markowitz, p. 3). Not long after a wealthy sweetheart broke off with him, young attractive women in the Seattle area began turningRead MoreThe Bible Tell Us And The Beginning Of The World2583 Words   |  11 Pagesits generous, open-handed, and magnanimous nature. This is what being in a relationship really means: You need to have faith. Sharing feelings, emotions, finances, thoughts, words, and actions enable you to spend some quality time with your partner. (Dan Gallagher). This makes you feel complete in your own world of two people. When you share, you connect. When you connect, then the relationship begins. When someone believes in you when someone motivates you, inspires you, strengthens you, then youRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pagesresonances. In addition to the aforementioned Christian parallels, the story also suggests Dante, the Italian author of the epic Divine Comedy. The dog, the hunter, and even the descent down the stairs at the end of the story parallel incidents in Dantes Inferno. A Worn Path is finally a simple story, though. Weltys short tale of an old womans journey to get medicine for her grandson is valuable simply as that, and the starkness of its simplicity is too often undervalued. That very simplicity gives itRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 Pagesresonances. In addition to the aforementioned Christian parallels, the story also suggests Dante, the Italian author of the epic Divine Comedy. The dog, the hunter, and even the descent down the stairs at the end of the story parallel incidents in Dantes Inferno. A Worn Path is finally a simple story, though. Weltys short tale of an old wo mans journey to get medicine for her grandson is valuable simply as that, and the starkness of its simplicity is too often undervalued. That very simplicity gives it

Research Paper on PTSD free essay sample

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) is a disorder that occurs in people who have suffered through a traumatic event. Such as sexual abuse, natural disasters, war, etc. These people then go through three different types of symptoms; the first is called re-experiencing where they relive the event through nightmares, flashbacks and bad thoughts. Then there’s the second set of symptoms which are called avoidance symptoms where they do things like avoiding an area where the event occurred or somewhere that reminds them of that event, getting a strong sense of guilt, depression, worry or becoming emotionally numb, not being able to remember the event or losing interest in things that they once enjoyed doing. Then there is the third set of symptoms called hyperarousal symptoms which include having angry outbursts, trouble sleeping, being easily startled and feeling on edge(â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder† 1). PTSD can occur in anyone and it is something that is becoming a major disorder in today’s society with the Iraq/Afghanistan wars that have been going on since 2001. There has been a lot of research done on it to prove that PTSD is actually real and that it is affecting more and more people, especially war veterans, and going untreated. Review of Research: There was an experiment that was done by 7 doctors who have M. D. s and Ph. Ds. They did a random, controlled experiment on a small group of active service members with the goal of comparing which treatment for PTSD has better results, TAU or VR-GET. The experiment procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board and an independent medical monitor. It was conducted at U. S. Navy medical facilities in San Diego and Camp Pendleton and followed all federal and military guidelines in the treatment of Service Members and research participants(McLay 224). The experiments and patients both were aware of what was going on in the experiment, had to sign consent forms that said they were allowed to leave at any time knowing that they would not receive active duty pay and that they were participating willingly and then the patients signed up for VR-GET or TAU and there was an equal  amount of patients in each type of treatment(McLay 224). The abbreviation TAU means treatment as usual which means that the service members go through normal treatments for PTSD like prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, substance rehab, inpatient services or a combination of them(McLay 225). And the abbreviation VR-GET means Virtual Reality-Graded Exposure Therapy which is as it sounds. It is a virtual reality simulation that allows the patient to experience their traumas and phobias in a controlled environment and also be monitored by equipment that measures their response to their surroundings in the virtual reality they’re experiencing. The therapist during this VR simulation can also increase or decrease the stressing factors of the environment based off the patient’s response to what they’re experiencing(McLay 223). The experimenters hypothesized that â€Å"patients with combat-related PTSD would be more likely to experience clinically significant improvements in VR-GET than treatment as usual(TAU)(McLay 224). † To participate in the experiment the patients had to have CAPS scores of 40 or higher and then their medical records were reviewed. CAPS is the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. The experiment was conducted over a 10 week period with a follow up assessment 10 weeks after the experiment ended and it was considered a success if the it showed a clinically meaningful improvement, which means 30% or greater, reduction of PTSD symptoms with CAPS(McLay 224). They then went through their experiments and were assessed after the 10 week period. The results showed that of all 10 participants who had participated in the VR-GET, seven of them showed a 30% or greater improvement in CAPS and of the 10 who participated in the TAU treatment only one of the returning nine showed a 30% or greater improvement on the CAPS (1 did not show up to complete the post assessment until later)(McLay 226). The results show that the VR-GET treatment works better than the TAU treatment by a significant amount. Though the researchers said that this should also be based off the patient’s needs since everyone responds to treatments differently and that there will probably be no â€Å"one-size-fits-all approach† due to the fact previously stated. A research team of 5 that conducted a PTSD survey on soldiers with amputated limbs or spinal injuries in a rehabilitation facility in Sri Lanka. The treatment for soldiers in the war in Sri Lanka is more physically based then mentally and it is a known fact that there is a higher risk of PTSD in soldiers who have been in battle(Abeyasinghe 377). PTSD is prevalent in about 30% of war veterans, male and female both( Abeyasinghe 377). The study was one of the first done in Sri Lanka since no one has thought to do it previously and was carried out in 2009. They used a questionnaire that was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the questionnaire was made based on the Impact of Event Scale and PTSD symptom scale(Abeyasinghe 377). The questionnaire was translated into Sinhala and it was pre-tested in other injury groups and then from that, they refined the questionnaire to fit their needs and gave that to the spinal injuries and amputees(Abeyasinghe 377). The research they did was a cross sectional study, which means that they used different people who had similar interests to the study, and then got willing participants to take part in the research. The results showed that of the 96 participants, 40 of them indicated a diagnosis of PTSD(Abeyasinghe 378). That means that 41. 7% of participants were diagnosed with PTSD and are not being treated for it and would not be if they had not taken the survey to find out. They did this study with Vietnam veterans and soldiers who went to Afghanistan and found that 30% of those soldiers also had PTSD and were not being treated for it until afterwards also(McLay 379). This study shows that even though we give our soldiers the medical attention they need, they are not getting all of it and that should be fixed. There was an experiment done about the medical research done on twins, combat exposed and non-combat exposed, along with comparing previous studies of PTSD to their medical research. They used PTSD patients and a control group. For the twins they are using the ones who have PTSD and the ones who do not and then comparing their MRIs(Pitman 772). The MRIs show that the combat exposed twin who has PTSD have an enlarged hippocampal area and that the combat unexposed twin had a high risk factor for PTSD because the twin had PTSD. Their hippocampal area was also enlarged when compared to the control twins who had no PTSD and a low risk factor(Pitman 772). The article goes through every part of the brain and compares the scans of the combat exposed and combat unexposed twin groups, control and experimental, comparing the area of study, like the prefrontal cortex. They used previous neuroimaging literature that stated that the prefrontal cortex reduces in size with PTSD and did sMRIs to find that patients with PTSD had a reduced volume in their rostral(pregenual) vmPFC and in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex(dACC). Which is the area of the brain that corresponds to Brodmann area and can also be called anterior mid-cingulate cortex(Pitman 772-773). It goes through every biological aspect you could think of and speculates off of the research previously done to the medical tests they have conducted to show how PTSD affects the brain, hormones, genes, and animal studies. Then their conclusions at the end to tell you how this will help future medical treatments of PTSD. There was a study done about how the medical drugs that have been developed for PTSD are very lacking in the ability to help PTSD patients. Records show that patients who receive pharmacological treatments like SSRIs paroxetine and sertraline barely ever exceed 60% and even less patients(20-30%) achieve clinical remission(Bailey 221). Even placebo-trials of other medications for PTSD have failed and recent studies of medications that are approved have failed to show desired results in patients(Pitman 222). The article is basically going over the effects of the drugs that are usually used to treat PTSD like noradrenergic, serotonergic, endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems along with hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and then from figuring out what works with these and what does not, a possible future pharmacological intervention that could actually work and show results(Pitman 222). They then go into detail of each drug, explaining what it is made up of and how it does and does not work in relation to PTSD, including studies that have been done previously, charts, references to other works and explanations for the large words and confusing terminology. The conclusion of the article states that biological markers alone are not sufficient by themselves, especially since treatment is limited to symptom management rather than fixing the biological cause(Pitman 227). Since there is not one drug that works specifically for PTSD, by using existing knowledge and research they can come up with treatments that relate to PTSD(Pitman 227). To conclude, there is a lot of research done on PTSD, statistics, experiments, biological aspects, pathophysiological aspects and so much more. PTSD is a very new field of study in medicine and it is not known where it comes from exactly, whether its genes or just the body’s coping mechanism for events to stressful for the mind but either way it is something that is increasing in the world’s population with wars, natural disasters, physical/sexual abuses, etc. and it needs to be addressed. More and more people are suffering without a way to fix it and it is taking a toll on the mental health of the population. Works Cited

Originality Imitation and Copyright Essay Example

Originality Imitation and Copyright Essay Zigkeyeah Collier CMST-223 Kovalcheck December 2, 2010 Originality, Imitation, and Copyright â€Å"He who imitates must have a care that what he writes be similar, not identical†- Petrach, Le familiari, XXIII (14thc) The foundation of the copyright law is built on the principle and idealistic American value of originality. Recognized as a Western ideal and value in the 18th century, originality is culturally constructed and accepted, but not truly defined, as an aspect of a created work that is deemed new or novel and is distinguishable from reproductions, copies, or other derivative works. In law, originality has become an important legal concept with respect to intellectual property, where creativity and invention have manifest as copyrightable works. Therefore, the institution of the copyright law protected originality by deeming a piece of work to be paramount while reducing all derivatives to copies or imitations. However, the extent of protection that the copyright law carries is limited, for the copyright law does not protect ideas, themes, or subject matter, only craftsmanship or form (Alfrey, 2000). As a result, under the law two identical pieces of work are able to claim protection, provided the effort behind each work is discernibly independent of one another. There is no statutory definition of infringement, just as there is no statutory definition of originality. However, copying, even if unintentional, can still surmount to a conviction of infringement. Proof must then â€Å"rely on circumstantial evidence, which requires scrutinizing the manner and sequence in which the artist worked† (Alfrey, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Originality Imitation and Copyright specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Originality Imitation and Copyright specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Originality Imitation and Copyright specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In other words, the perpetrator must supply sufficient evidence showing that no intention was made to copy the â€Å"essential quality of a particular work† causing an unfair advantage of effort of work from the predecessor (Alfrey, 2000). Yet the legality aspect of originality does not linger on similarities and differences in artistic merit, but focuses solely on the illicit reproduction and replication of style and form. The legal system differentiates imitation from copying by delineating the two into separate actions. Petrarch an Italian scholar, poet, and â€Å"Father of Humanism† best compares the two forms of action in his piece Le familiari when he writes: â€Å"He who imitates must have a care that what he writes be similar, not identical . . . and that the similarity should not be of the kind that obtains between a portrait and a sitter, where the artist earns the more praise the greater the likeness, but rather of the kind that obtains between a son and his father . . we (too) should take care that when one thing is like, many should be unlike, and that what is like should be hidden so as to be grasped only by the minds silent enquiry, intelligible rather than describable. We should therefore make use of another mans inner quality and tone, but avoid his words. For the one kind of similarity is hidden and the other protrudes; the one creates poets, the other apes. † (Petrach, Le familiari, XXIII) Imitation is distinguishable from copying in that it allows the imitator a certain amount of freedom to move in any artistic direction desired as long as he does not directly quote from the from a specific piece of work without acknowledgement. In contrast, the action of copying is a form of direct reproduction with little to indistinguishable differentiation from the original piece of work. The ancient philosopher, Plato, created a mythical being he called the simulacrum (Plato, 1984). Found within the lowest ring of in the hierarchy of the arts of producing a work, the simulacrum is able to re-image itself, in an attempt to double any figure it chooses. The simulacrum, however, is not able to completely model or replicate itself exactly like the first figure, but only able to portray a â€Å"distant semblance†, so that the doubled figure seemingly looks copied but is different or imitated and thus corrupted (Striphas, 2009). Although the simulacrum does not replicate an exact copy of the first figure, its false portrayal creates a blurring of the boundary lines separating the definitions of what is considered original and by default what is regarded as a derivative, resulting in the questioning of what truly constitutes a work as original and if originality is able to exist. The 2000 Harry Potter trademark and copyright infringement case entitled, Scholastic, Inc. , J. K. Rowling, Time Warner Entertainment Company, L. P. . Nancy Stouffer, best exemplifies the contested problems the figure of the simulacrum can cause when determining originality, yet also show how the concept of simulacra can be used in the legal realm to support the copyright law and intellectual property rights. The Scholastic, Inc. et. al. v. Stouffer case began in August of 1999, when Nancy Stouffer and her lawyers requested that she receive compensation from Scholastic Inc. , the American publisher for the Harry Potter series by J. K . Rowling. She alleged that many of the physical attributes of Harry Potter as well as terminology presented throughout the book, such as the word â€Å"Muggles† were â€Å"willfully borrowed without permission, or copied, from her own books entitled the Legend of Rah and the Muggles which had been published in 1988 or a decade earlier (Stouffer, 2001). Stouffer then argued that she was the only one who held ownership rights to the word â€Å"Muggles† and therefore was the only one who could license it (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). Although it seems reasonable that Stouffer would be the one to file suit, in November of 1999, it was Scholastic, Inc. that filed a case against Nancy Stouffer, in order to get a â€Å"declaratory judgment that they had not infringed and are not infringing any of†¦Nancy Stouffer’s copyrights or trademarks† (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). Strategically, this made Stouffer the defendant and required that she bear the burden of proof, and it was Stouffer that had to present evidence declaring that her works were the original and not the simulacrum and therefore required protection of original ownership under the law. To build her defense, Stouffer presented six key pieces of evidence each having copyright dates of 1988 and older while also showing a title with the lucrative word, â€Å"Muggle† and pictures of her character called, Larry Potter, which had a very strong resemblance to Rowling’s Harry Potter (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). Stouffer’s case seemed solid, except she lacked one important piece of evidence that showed J. K. Rowling â€Å"willfully† copied her work and violated her intellectual property rights (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). This is important because only structural replication, not ideas and themes, are protected under the copyright law and are accepted as infringement in cases of right to intellectual property. Seemingly, Stouffer’s defense case was solid; however, Scholastic’s team of attorneys implemented the idea of simulacra to denounce Stouffer’s evidence as fraudulent and corrupt. The team showed through several feats of incredible engineering that the words â€Å"The Legend of† and â€Å"the Muggles† were printed in ink and through technology that was only available in 1991 or later. They also found that an advertisement found in a magazine that Stouffer had presented as evidence was a reconstructed version of the original ad, which Scholastic’s attorneys presented to the court. The advertisement endorsed a book entitled â€Å"Rah† instead of â€Å"The Legend of Rah and the Muggles† which was on the falsified version Stouffer presented. Lastly, they discredited photocopies and a paragraph from a book mentioning the name of the alleged Larry Potter, by again proving that the inks used in the photos were not produced until sometime after 1991 or 1992 (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2000). The Plaintiffs had not particularly shown that Rowling’s work was original, but had successfully unveiled the simulacrumatic nature of Stouffer’s work deeming it unoriginal as well. This resulted in the court decision that the â€Å"Plaintiffs’ publication, distribution, and exploitation of the Harry Potter books do not violate any of Stouffer’s intellectual property right. Stouffer is permanently enjoined from making false representations to third parties indications that she owns all right in the â€Å"Muggle† and â€Å"Muggles† trademark and copyrights, indicating that plaintiffs have violated her intellectual property rights†. Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2002) Yet, what is most interesting about the case is that Stouffer had some legitimate evidence that in 1992, she had successfully contested for trademark registration for the word â€Å"Muggle†, in 1986, she had copyrighted and illustration of a Muggle character, and i n 1987 she copyrighted a song called â€Å"Muggle-bye† which was placed with the book â€Å"Rah† (â€Å"’Harry Potter’ book lawsuit†, 2000). Unfortunately, the court dismissed this evidence after learning that Stouffer not only failed to register the word with the federal trademark office until February of 2000, but also that Rowling acquired her term â€Å"Muggle† from an English slang word, meaning â€Å"easily-fooled† (Bone, 2000) and Stouffer had acquired her term â€Å"Muggle† from a nickname which she oftentimes called her son (Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer, 2002). Again, the court does not care so much about ideas or themes in context, but the craftsmanship, acquisition, and form of the content. Since both women had crafted the term â€Å"Muggle† from different perspectives, the court decided that the word could have no since of specific origin and therefore void of any sense of originality, so even Scholastic, Inc. could not trademark the word. There are many other instances outside this case where the word Muggle appears (Thomas, 2000). So in the absence of an origin, all the instances where the word â€Å"Muggle† can be found can be deduced as all the same†¦but different (Striphas, 2009). The copyright law cannot be based on absolute uniqueness, but must recognize originality in terms of â€Å"firstness in order† to separate two works that seem identical or â€Å"substantially similar† (Gaines, 1991). In the scholastic case, the origin of the word Muggles were so dissimilar that a judgment in firstness in order could not be rendered. Therefore, simulacra, or the idea of imitation, should have business in the legal realm since it only causes confusion and problems, but from the aforementioned case of Scholastic et. al. v. Stouffer the simulacra does not always have to operate outside or against the law but can be used as an â€Å"instrument to secure exclusive property claims as well† (Striphas, 2009). Originality, if it exists at all, is not an absolute; its identification is subject to a scale of relative values and knowledge, it is conditional to time and place. It must be measured against its imitators. However, the development of the idea of individualism elevates the value of originality and, at the same time, blurs its definition (Alfrey, 2000). Individualism has continually encumbered many generations of artists and creators with the increasingly elusive search and goal of achieving originality. As more ideas and their expressions are generated with each passing year, originality becomes more rare and imitation more present with the use of precedent becoming more insistent and inescapable. Works Cited Alfrey, Penelope. Petrarchs Apes: Originality, Plagiarism and. MIT Communications Forum. MIT, 2000. Web. 02 Dec. 2010. . Bone, J. Magical Authors Go to War on Custody of Muggles. The Time (2000). Lexis-Nexis. 18 Mar. 2000. Gaines, J. â€Å"Contested Culture: The Image, the Voice, and the Law. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. â€Å"‘Harry Potter’ book lawsuit: â€Å"Legend of Rah and Muggles† author claims trademark violations†. Burden of Proof. 5 Jul. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2010. . Petrarch, Le familiari, XXIII, quoted in Gombrich, E. , â€Å"Norm and Form: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance†. Phaidon Press, 1966. Scholastic, Inc. , J. K. Rowling, and Time Warner Entertainment Company, L. P. v. Nancy Stouffer. 99 Civ. 11480 (AGS), 124 F. Supp. 2d 836 (S. D. N. Y), 2000. Scholastic, Inc. , J. K. Rowling, and Time Warner Entertainment Company, L. P. v. Nancy Stouffer. 99 Civ. 11480 (AGS), 221 F. Supp. 2d 425 (S. D. N. Y), 2002. Striphas, Ted. Harry Potter and the Simulacrum: Contested Copies in an Age of Intellectual Property. Critical Studies in Media Communication 26. 4 (2009): 295-311. Thomas, I. â€Å"CNN is Mugged by the ‘Muggle Affair. ’† Slate. 21 Jul. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2010 .